Russian spacecraft upgrade program
It has recently been reported that Kliper and Parom will be developed as part of Russian manned and cargo spacecraft "overhaul". It also appears that the joint spacecraft development study with ESA will be the inaugural stage of this overhaul program. According to the article, the spacecraft upgrade program stages are:
Stage one:
Starting in 2007, upgrade of Soyuz space vehicles. As a rule, each Soyuz crew consists of two professional astronauts and one space tourist.
The revamped Soyuz, due to lift off in 2011, will carry two professionals and two passengers. Most importantly, it will be able to dock with the International Space Station, fly around the Moon and return to Earth at speeds of about 25,000 miles per hour, the equivalent of its escape velocity. (Note the similarity to ESA requirements - this may effectively make CSTS development redundant)
Stage Two:
Development of the Parom (Ferry) reusable transport system, which will replace the Progress cargo craft. The Parom system will comprise a reusable orbiter and expendable 12 metric ton freight containers, compared to the Progress spacecraft which can deliver 2.5 metric tons of dry and liquid cargo to the ISS.
Stage Three: Launch of a Kliper-type reusable space shuttle featuring technologies that will be streamlined during the first and second stages.
Stage Three: Launch of a Kliper-type reusable space shuttle featuring technologies that will be streamlined during the first and second stages.
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